Study of strategies of selection of the transmission format for the uplink in systems WCDMA

UMTS was born with the objective to improve on the limitations of the second generation mobile, being able to offer multimedia services. It was created to provide multimedia service that requires higher bit rates. UMTS appears because there were new burst‟s services. The physical layer of UMTS is based on the acces technique by WCDMA broadband code division. The WCDMA access networks provide an inherent flexibility in the third generation mobile multimedia services. The radio interface capacity optimization is done with algorithms of Radio Resources, which consider the levels of interference in the system. These algorithms are the congestion control, the admission control, the power control, the suitable transport format management and handover management. In order to be able to understand the Radio Resources Management in UMTS this project has been structured so that in the first chapter it is explained briefly what UMTS is, next, in the second chapter there is an introduction to the WCDMA access technique. In chapter 3 we were centered in the Radio Resources Management, having explained most precise. The next chapter shows the cell coverage study, and the new algorithm implemented in this project. In chapter 5, the system simulator used is explained. And before the conclusions, are the results chapter, explaining the difference of doing the new algorithm or not. Basically, this work consists on the study of the Radio Resources Management and the simulations results with the objective to evaluate the cell coverage study realized in chapter 3. In order to make this task, it had not to consider no type of environmental considerations, because this project is an theoretical work. A possible environmental study in this subject could be given, if the possible electromagnetic waves about the antennas of mobile telephony or the batteries of the terminals, the materials used in the manufacture, etc. will be.The proposed PFC is in the framework of Radio Resources Management and Quality of Service (QoS) for CDMA based radio access networks (such as UMTS). One of the fundamental facts of these systems is to provide different types of multimedia services in order to guarantee certain quality requirements in the connections. The Radio Resources Management strategies (RRM) are in charge of controlling the different radio network parameters so guaranteeing the quality required to the connections and making a use efficient of the resources available. For the case of the uplink, it is very important to determine the format of transmission of the users, i.e., the rate of transmission that the user will have at every moment. The main objective of this PFC is to propose and to evaluate different strategies of user transmision format allocation in order to optimize the trade-off between the delay and the level of interferences that is added to the system. A simulator programed in C is available. This simulator models a real WCDMA system.With this simulator is possible to analyze the power condition, which is important for our study in this project. The study of this algorithm demonstrates how the user bit rate affects in the cell. By controlling the maximum power of each user, we can know if there are cell coverage problems. The analyses show the differences of having droppings or not with the new algorithm and the delay variation

Study of strategies of selection of the transmission format for the uplink in systems WCDMA

UMTS was born with the objective to improve on the limitations of the second generation mobile, being able to offer multimedia services. It was created to provide multimedia service that requires higher bit rates. UMTS appears because there were new burst‟s services. The physical layer of UMTS is based on the acces technique by WCDMA broadband code division. The WCDMA access networks provide an inherent flexibility in the third generation mobile multimedia services. The radio interface capacity optimization is done with algorithms of Radio Resources, which consider the levels of interference in the system. These algorithms are the congestion control, the admission control, the power control, the suitable transport format management and handover management. In order to be able to understand the Radio Resources Management in UMTS this project has been structured so that in the first chapter it is explained briefly what UMTS is, next, in the second chapter there is an introduction to the WCDMA access technique. In chapter 3 we were centered in the Radio Resources Management, having explained most precise. The next chapter shows the cell coverage study, and the new algorithm implemented in this project. In chapter 5, the system simulator used is explained. And before the conclusions, are the results chapter, explaining the difference of doing the new algorithm or not. Basically, this work consists on the study of the Radio Resources Management and the simulations results with the objective to evaluate the cell coverage study realized in chapter 3. In order to make this task, it had not to consider no type of environmental considerations, because this project is an theoretical work. A possible environmental study in this subject could be given, if the possible electromagnetic waves about the antennas of mobile telephony or the batteries of the terminals, the materials used in the manufacture, etc. will be.The proposed PFC is in the framework of Radio Resources Management and Quality of Service (QoS) for CDMA based radio access networks (such as UMTS). One of the fundamental facts of these systems is to provide different types of multimedia services in order to guarantee certain quality requirements in the connections. The Radio Resources Management strategies (RRM) are in charge of controlling the different radio network parameters so guaranteeing the quality required to the connections and making a use efficient of the resources available. For the case of the uplink, it is very important to determine the format of transmission of the users, i.e., the rate of transmission that the user will have at every moment. The main objective of this PFC is to propose and to evaluate different strategies of user transmision format allocation in order to optimize the trade-off between the delay and the level of interferences that is added to the system. A simulator programed in C is available. This simulator models a real WCDMA system.With this simulator is possible to analyze the power condition, which is important for our study in this project. The study of this algorithm demonstrates how the user bit rate affects in the cell. By controlling the maximum power of each user, we can know if there are cell coverage problems. The analyses show the differences of having droppings or not with the new algorithm and the delay variation

Cellular senescence is immunogenic and promotes anti-tumor immunity

Cellular senescence is a stress response that activates innate immune cells, but little is known about its interplay with the adaptive immune system. Here, we show that senescent cells combine several features that render them highly efficient in activating dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen-specific CD8 T cells. This includes the release of alarmins, activation of interferon signaling, enhanced MHC class I machinery, and presentation of senescence-specific self-peptides that can activate CD8 T cells. In the context of cancer, immunization with senescent cancer cells elicits strong anti-tumor protection mediated by DCs and CD8 T cells. Interestingly, this protection is superior to immunization with cancer cells undergoing immunogenic cell death. Finally, the induction of senescence in human primary cancer cells also augments their ability to activate autologous antigen-specific tumor-infiltrating CD8 lymphocytes. Our study indicates that senescent cancer cells can be exploited to develop efficient and protective CD8-dependent anti-tumor immune responses

Impacts of Global Change on Mediterranean Forests and Their Services

The increase in aridity, mainly by decreases in precipitation but also by higher temperatures, is likely the main threat to the diversity and survival of Mediterranean forests. Changes in land use, including the abandonment of extensive crop activities, mainly in mountains and remote areas, and the increases in human settlements and demand for more resources with the resulting fragmentation of the landscape, hinder the establishment of appropriate management tools to protect Mediterranean forests and their provision of services and biodiversity. Experiments and observations indicate that if changes in climate, land use and other components of global change, such as pollution and overexploitation of resources, continue, the resilience of many forests will likely be exceeded, altering their structure and function and changing, mostly decreasing, their capacity to continue to provide their current services. A consistent assessment of the impacts of the changes, however, remains elusive due to the difficulty of obtaining simultaneous and complete data for all scales of the impacts in the same forests, areas and regions. We review the impacts of climate change and other components of global change and their interactions on the terrestrial forests of Mediterranean regions, with special attention to their impacts on ecosystem services. Management tools for counteracting the negative effects of global change on Mediterranean ecosystem- services are finally discussed

Impacts of global change on Mediterranean forests and their services

The increase in aridity, mainly by decreases in precipitation but also by higher temperatures, is likely the main threat to the diversity and survival of Mediterranean forests. Changes in land use, including the abandonment of extensive crop activities, mainly in mountains and remote areas, and the increases in human settlements and demand for more resources with the resulting fragmentation of the landscape, hinder the establishment of appropriate management tools to protect Mediterranean forests and their provision of services and biodiversity. Experiments and observations indicate that if changes in climate, land use and other components of global change, such as pollution and overexploitation of resources, continue, the resilience of many forests will likely be exceeded, altering their structure and function and changing, mostly decreasing, their capacity to continue to provide their current services. A consistent assessment of the impacts of the changes, however,remains elusive due to the difficulty of obtaining simultaneous and complete data for all scales of the impacts in the same forests, areas and regions. We review the impacts of climate change and other components of global change and their interactions on the terrestrial forests of Mediterranean regions, with special attention to their impacts on ecosystem services. Management tools for counteracting the negative effects of global change on Mediterranean ecosystem- services are finally discussed

Famílies botàniques de plantes medicinals

Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona. Ensenyament: Grau de Farmàcia, Assignatura: Botànica Farmacèutica, Curs: 2013-2014, Coordinadors: Joan Simon, Cèsar Blanché i Maria Bosch.Els materials que aquí es presenten són els recull de 175 treballs d’una família botànica d’interès medicinal realitzats de manera individual. Els treballs han estat realitzat per la totalitat dels estudiants dels grups M-2 i M-3 de l’assignatura Botànica Farmacèutica durant els mesos d’abril i maig del curs 2013-14. Tots els treballs s’han dut a terme a través de la plataforma de GoogleDocs i han estat tutoritzats pel professor de l’assignatura i revisats i finalment co-avaluats entre els propis estudiants. L’objectiu principal de l’activitat ha estat fomentar l’aprenentatge autònom i col·laboratiu en Botànica farmacèutica

Study of strategies of selection of the transmission format for the uplink in systems WCDMA

UMTS was born with the objective to improve on the limitations of the second generation mobile, being able to offer multimedia services. It was created to provide multimedia service that requires higher bit rates. UMTS appears because there were new burst‟s services. The physical layer of UMTS is based on the acces technique by WCDMA broadband code division. The WCDMA access networks provide an inherent flexibility in the third generation mobile multimedia services. The radio interface capacity optimization is done with algorithms of Radio Resources, which consider the levels of interference in the system. These algorithms are the congestion control, the admission control, the power control, the suitable transport format management and handover management. In order to be able to understand the Radio Resources Management in UMTS this project has been structured so that in the first chapter it is explained briefly what UMTS is, next, in the second chapter there is an introduction to the WCDMA access technique. In chapter 3 we were centered in the Radio Resources Management, having explained most precise. The next chapter shows the cell coverage study, and the new algorithm implemented in this project. In chapter 5, the system simulator used is explained. And before the conclusions, are the results chapter, explaining the difference of doing the new algorithm or not. Basically, this work consists on the study of the Radio Resources Management and the simulations results with the objective to evaluate the cell coverage study realized in chapter 3. In order to make this task, it had not to consider no type of environmental considerations, because this project is an theoretical work. A possible environmental study in this subject could be given, if the possible electromagnetic waves about the antennas of mobile telephony or the batteries of the terminals, the materials used in the manufacture, etc. will be.The proposed PFC is in the framework of Radio Resources Management and Quality of Service (QoS) for CDMA based radio access networks (such as UMTS). One of the fundamental facts of these systems is to provide different types of multimedia services in order to guarantee certain quality requirements in the connections. The Radio Resources Management strategies (RRM) are in charge of controlling the different radio network parameters so guaranteeing the quality required to the connections and making a use efficient of the resources available. For the case of the uplink, it is very important to determine the format of transmission of the users, i.e., the rate of transmission that the user will have at every moment. The main objective of this PFC is to propose and to evaluate different strategies of user transmision format allocation in order to optimize the trade-off between the delay and the level of interferences that is added to the system. A simulator programed in C is available. This simulator models a real WCDMA system.With this simulator is possible to analyze the power condition, which is important for our study in this project. The study of this algorithm demonstrates how the user bit rate affects in the cell. By controlling the maximum power of each user, we can know if there are cell coverage problems. The analyses show the differences of having droppings or not with the new algorithm and the delay variation

Impacts of global change on Mediterranean forests and their services

The increase in aridity, mainly by decreases in precipitation but also by higher temperatures, is likely the main threat to the diversity and survival of Mediterranean forests. Changes in land use, including the abandonment of extensive crop activities, mainly in mountains and remote areas, and the increases in human settlements and demand for more resources with the resulting fragmentation of the landscape, hinder the establishment of appropriate management tools to protect Mediterranean forests and their provision of services and biodiversity. Experiments and observations indicate that if changes in climate, land use and other components of global change, such as pollution and overexploitation of resources, continue, the resilience of many forests will likely be exceeded, altering their structure and function and changing, mostly decreasing, their capacity to continue to provide their current services. A consistent assessment of the impacts of the changes, however,remains elusive due to the difficulty of obtaining simultaneous and complete data for all scales of the impacts in the same forests, areas and regions. We review the impacts of climate change and other components of global change and their interactions on the terrestrial forests of Mediterranean regions, with special attention to their impacts on ecosystem services. Management tools for counteracting the negative effects of global change on Mediterranean ecosystem- services are finally discussed